In 1964, James Black synthesized the first clinically significant beta blockers- propranolol and pronethalol it revolutionized the medical management of angina pectoris and is considered by many to be one of the most important contributions to clinical medicine and pharmacology of the 20th century. Beta blockers interfere with the binding to the receptor of epinephrine and other stress hormones and weaken the effects of stress hormones. īeta receptors are found on cells of the heart muscles, smooth muscles, airways, arteries, kidneys, and other tissues that are part of the sympathetic nervous system and lead to stress responses, especially when they are stimulated by epinephrine (adrenaline). β 3-adrenergic receptors are located in fat cells. β 2-adrenergic receptors are located mainly in the lungs, gastrointestinal tract, liver, uterus, vascular smooth muscle, and skeletal muscle. β 1-adrenergic receptors are located mainly in the heart and in the kidneys. Some block activation of all types of β-adrenergic receptors and others are selective for one of the three known types of beta receptors, designated β 1, β 2 and β 3 receptors. īeta blockers are competitive antagonists that block the receptor sites for the endogenous catecholamines epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) on adrenergic beta receptors, of the sympathetic nervous system, which mediates the fight-or-flight response.
They are also widely used to treat high blood pressure, although they are no longer the first choice for initial treatment of most patients. Skeletal formula of propranolol, the first clinically successful beta blocker.īeta-blockers, β-blockers, beta-adrenergic blocking agents, beta antagonists, beta-adrenergic antagonists, beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists, beta adrenergic receptor antagonists, BBīeta blockers, also spelled β-blockers, are a class of medications that are predominantly used to manage abnormal heart rhythms, and to protect the heart from a second heart attack after a first heart attack ( secondary prevention).
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